Subsurface voids pose significant concerns to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is essential for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical resistivity t
Geotechnical exploration methods are vital for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly impact the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and terrain. A variety of in situ exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include test pits, geophysical techniques such as electric
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement of p